Commentary: Bitcoin energy use - mined the gap
The values of cryptocurrencies have surged in recent months, raising alarm over their energy and environmental impactsOf all the potential implications of blockchain for the energy sector, the energy use of cryptocurrencies – and bitcoin in particular – has captured the most interest.
As the price of bitcoin skyrocketed in 2017, attention turned to the cryptocurrency’s energy and environmental footprint. High-profile news articles reported that electricity use of the bitcoin network had equalled that of medium-sized countries and was on track to consume as much electricity as the United States in 2019 and all of the world’s energy by 2020. A widely reported article in Nature Climate Change warned that Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2°C.
With bitcoin value tripling in recent months and Facebook announcing its new Libra coin, interest in the energy use of cryptocurrencies is again on the rise.
In this commentary, we explain why and how bitcoin uses energy; dig into published estimates of bitcoin energy use and provide our own analysis; and discuss how these trends might evolve in the coming years.
Why does bitcoin use energy?
In order to understand why and how bitcoin uses energy, we first need to understand its underlying technology: blockchain. Blockchain offers a new way to conduct and record transactions, like sending money. In a traditional exchange, central authorities (e.g. banks) verify and log transactions. Blockchain removes the need for a central authority and ledger; instead, the ledger is held, shared, and validated across a distributed network of computers running a particular blockchain software.
The lack of a centralised, trusted authority means that blockchain needs a “consensus mechanism” to ensure trust across the network. In the case of bitcoin, consensus is achieved by a method called “Proof-of-Work” (PoW), where computers on the network – “miners” – compete with each other to solve a complex math puzzle. Each guess a miner makes at the solution is known as a “hash,” while the number of guesses taken by the miner each second is known as its “hashrate.” Once the puzzle is solved, the latest “block” of transactions is approved and added to the “chain” of transactions. The first miner to solve the puzzle is rewarded with new bitcoins and network transaction fees. The energy use of the bitcoin network is therefore both a security feature and a side effect of relying on the ever-increasing computing power of competing miners to validate transactions through PoW.
How does bitcoin use energy?
The energy use of the bitcoin network is a function of a few inter-related factors (some of which respond to the changing price of bitcoin):
- mining hardware specifications, notably power consumption and hashrate;
- network hashrate, the combined rate at which all miners on the network are simultaneously guessing solutions to the puzzle;
- “difficulty” of solving the puzzle, which is adjusted in response to the network hashrate to maintain the target block rate of one block every 10 minutes; and
- energy consumption by non-IT infrastructure, such as cooling and lighting.
The rising price of bitcoin, particularly as it rose to all-time highs in December 2017, drove huge increases in hashrate and difficulty, and the development and deployment of more powerful and energy efficient mining hardware.
Trends in bitcoin price, hashrate, and energy efficiency of mining hardware
Date Price (USD/Bitcoin) Hashrate (TH/s) 02-01-2010 0.000 7.64429E-06 04-01-2010 0.000 1.11724E-05 06-01-2010 0.000 9.29076E-06 08-01-2010 0.000 8.82034E-06 10-01-2010 0.000 1.12312E-05 12-01-2010 0.000 1.07692E-05 14-01-2010 0.000 1.02502E-05 16-01-2010 0.000 8.69325E-06 18-01-2010 0.000 8.43375E-06 20-01-2010 0.000 9.0825E-06 22-01-2010 0.000 9.73125E-06 24-01-2010 0.000 9.40687E-06 26-01-2010 0.000 1.3498E-05 28-01-2010 0.000 1.15602E-05 30-01-2010 0.000 1.20279E-05 01-02-2010 0.000 1.19611E-05 03-02-2010 0.000 1.62377E-05 05-02-2010 0.000 2.21493E-05 07-02-2010 0.000 1.87139E-05 09-02-2010 0.000 1.88948E-05 11-02-2010 0.000 1.60922E-05 13-02-2010 0.000 2.02508E-05 15-02-2010 0.000 2.32461E-05 17-02-2010 0.000 2.91519E-05 19-02-2010 0.000 2.24922E-05 21-02-2010 0.000 2.68901E-05 23-02-2010 0.000 3.15393E-05 25-02-2010 0.000 2.78186E-05 27-02-2010 0.000 3.25177E-05 01-03-2010 0.000 3.49612E-05 03-03-2010 0.000 2.78186E-05 05-03-2010 0.000 3.28936E-05 07-03-2010 0.000 3.25177E-05 09-03-2010 0.000 3.33357E-05 11-03-2010 0.000 3.28852E-05 13-03-2010 0.000 3.55881E-05 15-03-2010 0.000 2.79299E-05 17-03-2010 0.000 2.77047E-05 19-03-2010 0.000 2.99571E-05 21-03-2010 0.000 4.07687E-05 23-03-2010 0.000 4.65218E-05 25-03-2010 0.000 4.221E-05 27-03-2010 0.000 3.94868E-05 29-03-2010 0.000 4.35716E-05 31-03-2010 0.000 4.69756E-05 02-04-2010 0.000 4.47716E-05 04-04-2010 0.000 5.02168E-05 06-04-2010 0.000 4.38641E-05 08-04-2010 0.000 5.89896E-05 10-04-2010 0.000 7.26026E-05 12-04-2010 0.000 8.43532E-05 14-04-2010 0.000 7.77448E-05 16-04-2010 0.000 7.85223E-05 18-04-2010 0.000 0.000103012 20-04-2010 0.000 7.96885E-05 22-04-2010 0.000 0.000100871 24-04-2010 0.000 8.37745E-05 26-04-2010 0.003 9.6882E-05 28-04-2010 0.003 9.97315E-05 30-04-2010 0.003 8.71938E-05 02-05-2010 0.003 9.6882E-05 04-05-2010 0.003 8.30357E-05 06-05-2010 0.004 9.64492E-05 08-05-2010 0.003 9.4533E-05 10-05-2010 0.004 8.75069E-05 12-05-2010 0.004 7.72871E-05 14-05-2010 0.004 7.66484E-05 16-05-2010 0.004 6.13187E-05 18-05-2010 0.005 0.000107308 20-05-2010 0.005 0.000107765 22-05-2010 0.004 0.000113065 24-05-2010 0.005 0.000111887 26-05-2010 0.005 0.000124842 28-05-2010 0.005 0.000128965 30-05-2010 0.004 0.000124747 01-06-2010 0.004 0.000109876 03-06-2010 0.004 0.000129704 05-06-2010 0.004 0.000114833 07-06-2010 0.005 0.000128878 09-06-2010 0.005 0.000133834 11-06-2010 0.005 0.000138791 13-06-2010 0.005 0.00013911 15-06-2010 0.005 0.000169352 17-06-2010 0.005 0.000123558 19-06-2010 0.005 0.000136518 21-06-2010 0.005 0.000139974 23-06-2010 0.005 0.000147751 25-06-2010 0.005 0.000146622 27-06-2010 0.004 0.000153374 29-06-2010 0.005 0.000155303 01-07-2010 0.006 0.00020064 03-07-2010 0.006 0.000192924 05-07-2010 0.007 0.000169773 07-07-2010 0.008 0.000179911 09-07-2010 0.006 0.0002208 11-07-2010 0.008 0.000206781 13-07-2010 0.016 0.001678569 15-07-2010 0.031 0.001407832 17-07-2010 0.068 0.001651496 19-07-2010 0.081 0.001480029 21-07-2010 0.079 0.001822962 23-07-2010 0.063 0.001750766 25-07-2010 0.051 0.001931257 27-07-2010 0.060 0.002124483 29-07-2010 0.070 0.002124483 31-07-2010 0.068 0.002294442 02-08-2010 0.060 0.003083536 04-08-2010 0.057 0.002767898 06-08-2010 0.062 0.002818471 08-08-2010 0.061 0.003361158 10-08-2010 0.070 0.003623748 12-08-2010 0.070 0.003816314 14-08-2010 0.067 0.004569073 16-08-2010 0.066 0.002951086 18-08-2010 0.068 0.003383573 20-08-2010 0.067 0.004248547 22-08-2010 0.066 0.00506264 24-08-2010 0.067 0.005215282 26-08-2010 0.066 0.005291603 28-08-2010 0.065 0.005546983 30-08-2010 0.069 0.004617321 01-09-2010 0.065 0.005454017 03-09-2010 0.063 0.004958197 05-09-2010 0.063 0.005020175 07-09-2010 0.062 0.004679299 09-09-2010 0.062 0.005351093 11-09-2010 0.062 0.005740907 13-09-2010 0.062 0.005811783 15-09-2010 0.175 0.006662287 17-09-2010 0.061 0.007654543 19-09-2010 0.063 0.009581379 21-09-2010 0.063 0.008075734 23-09-2010 0.063 0.00967263 25-09-2010 0.062 0.009216374 27-09-2010 0.062 0.010858896 29-09-2010 0.062 0.011602606 01-10-2010 0.062 0.010226025 03-10-2010 0.061 0.007931725 05-10-2010 0.063 0.008062828 07-10-2010 0.064 0.0113404 09-10-2010 0.120 0.010029371 11-10-2010 0.130 0.010815988 13-10-2010 0.095 0.011576864 15-10-2010 0.119 0.012672898 17-10-2010 0.105 0.019317607 19-10-2010 0.102 0.016646023 21-10-2010 0.109 0.02489103 23-10-2010 0.109 0.018588151 25-10-2010 0.150 0.022433975 27-10-2010 0.190 0.022647632 29-10-2010 0.191 0.025104687 31-10-2010 0.199 0.027971776 02-11-2010 0.196 0.025820101 04-11-2010 0.236 0.029354995 06-11-2010 0.290 0.031045597 08-11-2010 0.370 0.04011337 10-11-2010 0.267 0.04352215 12-11-2010 0.251 0.038561076 14-11-2010 0.299 0.053669801 16-11-2010 0.283 0.040816109 18-11-2010 0.290 0.059307385 20-11-2010 0.289 0.039255869 22-11-2010 0.282 0.054616861 24-11-2010 0.283 0.063150746 26-11-2010 0.289 0.069295143 28-11-2010 0.285 0.056664994 30-11-2010 0.275 0.084329546 02-12-2010 0.250 0.077502868 04-12-2010 0.259 0.087943669 06-12-2010 0.225 0.096376623 08-12-2010 0.248 0.0927625 10-12-2010 0.204 0.091357532 12-12-2010 0.228 0.105974737 14-12-2010 0.230 0.099275184 16-12-2010 0.246 0.113283339 18-12-2010 0.249 0.096229933 20-12-2010 0.275 0.096838984 22-12-2010 0.267 0.113761835 24-12-2010 0.250 0.108001742 26-12-2010 0.270 0.105841708 28-12-2010 0.280 0.121681963 30-12-2010 0.300 0.115201859 01-01-2011 0.300 0.128162068 03-01-2011 0.300 0.132945992 05-01-2011 0.299 0.121596944 07-01-2011 0.322 0.116733066 09-01-2011 0.323 0.123218236 11-01-2011 0.329 0.131324699 13-01-2011 0.405 0.149969564 15-01-2011 0.400 0.157644927 17-01-2011 0.400 0.158561467 19-01-2011 0.340 0.162227629 21-01-2011 0.440 0.163144169 23-01-2011 0.444 0.155811847 25-01-2011 0.425 0.142980283 27-01-2011 0.417 0.175078626 29-01-2011 0.446 0.164136212 31-01-2011 0.500 0.164136212 02-02-2011 0.840 0.177267109 04-02-2011 0.880 0.207905868 06-02-2011 0.920 0.191492247 08-02-2011 0.900 0.222286199 10-02-2011 1.100 0.244256346 12-02-2011 1.090 0.245548708 14-02-2011 1.080 0.240379262 16-02-2011 1.050 0.298535534 18-02-2011 1.050 0.391485055 20-02-2011 0.955 0.340736992 22-02-2011 0.869 0.384235332 24-02-2011 0.950 0.387860193 26-02-2011 0.989 0.454920133 28-02-2011 0.949 0.461482779 02-03-2011 0.950 0.467009519 04-03-2011 0.939 0.549910617 06-03-2011 0.910 0.746109882 08-03-2011 0.907 0.533330397 10-03-2011 0.870 0.450719123 12-03-2011 0.920 0.518895124 14-03-2011 0.900 0.443144011 16-03-2011 0.890 0.552983125 18-03-2011 0.851 0.52268268 20-03-2011 0.790 0.473444456 22-03-2011 0.800 0.477232012 24-03-2011 0.900 0.575708459 26-03-2011 0.905 0.483475502 28-03-2011 0.858 0.558911396 30-03-2011 0.795 0.534909066 01-04-2011 0.800 0.600058248 03-04-2011 0.800 0.572627013 05-04-2011 0.710 0.692638663 07-04-2011 0.768 0.663134716 09-04-2011 0.768 0.650854443 11-04-2011 0.781 0.630387322 13-04-2011 1.00 0.822778259 15-04-2011 1.09 0.552612263 17-04-2011 1.09 0.728629503 19-04-2011 1.19 0.647277934 21-04-2011 1.20 0.757452902 23-04-2011 1.55 0.78040602 25-04-2011 1.70 0.863037245 27-04-2011 1.95 0.872218493 29-04-2011 2.70 0.927305976 01-05-2011 4.09 1.068539452 03-05-2011 3.49 1.128508503 05-05-2011 3.50 1.242994872 07-05-2011 3.70 1.193929285 09-05-2011 3.94 1.357481242 11-05-2011 6.07 1.463314603 13-05-2011 8.45 1.572867568 15-05-2011 8.55 1.784148286 17-05-2011 8.39 2.034555063 19-05-2011 7.34 2.196416463 21-05-2011 6.60 2.584733186 23-05-2011 7.45 3.361366632 25-05-2011 7.51 3.543390095 27-05-2011 8.92 4.280335327 29-05-2011 8.50 3.739888948 31-05-2011 9.50 3.242678278 02-06-2011 10.57 4.107392486 04-06-2011 17.41 4.669456721 06-06-2011 19.23 7.049780324 08-06-2011 31.91 5.160439197 10-06-2011 35.00 6.373001413 12-06-2011 24.99 6.711390869 14-06-2011 20.99 6.344802292 16-06-2011 19.96 8.762322509 18-06-2011 17.20 8.805916154 20-06-2011 17.35 10.11372548 22-06-2011 15.05 11.77028397 24-06-2011 16.75 16.45440492 26-06-2011 17.51 10.62680318 28-06-2011 17.52 10.48968314 30-06-2011 17.50 12.40936371 02-07-2011 16.49 11.99800359 04-07-2011 15.85 11.24384337 06-07-2011 16.50 10.6953632 08-07-2011 15.64 11.42168584 10-07-2011 15.68 11.18859021 12-07-2011 14.64 11.18859021 14-07-2011 14.10 11.96557564 16-07-2011 14.10 12.35406836 18-07-2011 13.69 11.8878771 20-07-2011 14.04 12.01984874 22-07-2011 13.94 12.01984874 24-07-2011 13.98 14.79365999 26-07-2011 14.40 14.20527578 28-07-2011 14.00 14.03716601 30-07-2011 13.80 12.77634272 01-08-2011 13.55 16.43111687 03-08-2011 13.10 14.92884333 05-08-2011 11.55 12.9571093 07-08-2011 9.80 12.11208044 09-08-2011 12.10 12.48764882 11-08-2011 10.50 12.67543301 13-08-2011 10.05 12.01818834 15-08-2011 11.89 13.42656978 17-08-2011 11.30 11.57928193 19-08-2011 11.81 12.11785318 21-08-2011 11.59 13.01547194 23-08-2011 11.49 15.25951882 25-08-2011 10.97 11.48952006 27-08-2011 9.11 11.75880568 29-08-2011 9.48 11.22023443 31-08-2011 9.00 13.34442097 02-09-2011 8.50 14.31653111 04-09-2011 8.59 11.13507975 06-09-2011 7.66 13.25604733 08-09-2011 7.32 11.04670611 10-09-2011 6.21 12.63743178 12-09-2011 7.08 11.48857435 14-09-2011 5.99 13.26392523 16-09-2011 5.23 10.99509591 18-09-2011 5.00 14.57286522 20-09-2011 6.80 12.12951057 22-09-2011 5.83 13.0893999 24-09-2011 5.66 10.82057058 26-09-2011 5.46 11.95498524 28-09-2011 4.99 11.60593458 30-09-2011 5.35 10.32920406 02-10-2011 5.16 11.00102221 04-10-2011 5.03 10.91704494 06-10-2011 4.93 11.16897674 08-10-2011 4.59 10.83306767 10-10-2011 4.26 9.909317712 12-10-2011 4.21 9.993294981 14-10-2011 4.11 11.16897674 16-10-2011 3.90 8.977080038 18-10-2011 2.90 9.269017601 20-10-2011 2.42 7.517392227 22-10-2011 3.30 6.860532712 24-10-2011 3.20 8.977080038 26-10-2011 2.88 7.955298571 28-10-2011 3.26 7.444407837 30-10-2011 3.65 7.079485884 01-11-2011 3.35 8.73436486 03-11-2011 3.30 7.59770094 05-11-2011 3.21 8.973662527 07-11-2011 3.03 7.836998607 09-11-2011 3.11 10.11032645 11-11-2011 3.00 7.298578856 13-11-2011 3.10 8.794189277 15-11-2011 2.69 10.25533355 17-11-2011 2.60 8.59551078 19-11-2011 2.30 7.647040625 21-11-2011 2.29 8.002716933 23-11-2011 2.38 7.765599394 25-11-2011 2.56 7.70632001 27-11-2011 2.50 6.757849855 29-11-2011 2.98 8.239834472 01-12-2011 3.14 10.03065755 03-12-2011 3.13 8.132965582 05-12-2011 2.93 8.675163287 07-12-2011 3.08 7.97030627 09-12-2011 3.04 8.187185352 11-12-2011 3.38 7.861866729 13-12-2011 3.30 7.406827445 15-12-2011 3.19 7.062323843 17-12-2011 3.23 8.382920984 19-12-2011 3.70 8.670007319 21-12-2011 4.11 8.899676387 23-12-2011 3.95 8.727424586 25-12-2011 4.39 9.99060446 27-12-2011 4.06 9.168004881 29-12-2011 4.33 8.072457128 31-12-2011 5.00 9.283325697 02-01-2012 5.50 8.764382025 04-01-2012 5.61 8.879702841 06-01-2012 7.22 9.80226937 08-01-2012 7.20 9.283325697 10-01-2012 6.89 9.077623651 12-01-2012 7.00 10.32113374 14-01-2012 6.75 9.948080714 16-01-2012 7.19 9.823729705 18-01-2012 6.95 8.828921633 20-01-2012 6.58 8.580219616 22-01-2012 6.39 8.450978823 24-01-2012 6.52 8.77601647 26-01-2012 6.20 8.450978823 28-01-2012 5.75 10.07616706 30-01-2012 5.60 10.79124988 01-02-2012 5.64 8.77601647 03-02-2012 6.15 10.40120471 05-02-2012 5.96 9.327239883 07-02-2012 5.71 9.807318406 09-02-2012 5.80 9.875901052 11-02-2012 6.00 9.464405175 13-02-2012 5.72 10.08164899 15-02-2012 4.88 9.73873576 17-02-2012 4.77 9.73873576 19-02-2012 4.33 10.74136802 21-02-2012 4.44 8.757293674 23-02-2012 4.92 11.49394795 25-02-2012 5.07 11.42553159 27-02-2012 5.10 10.80978438 29-02-2012 4.90 12.72544237 02-03-2012 4.99 9.897222875 04-03-2012 4.90 9.673977247 06-03-2012 5.05 11.01345102 08-03-2012 5.00 11.6087727 10-03-2012 4.94 12.87383126 12-03-2012 4.96 12.57617042 14-03-2012 5.44 10.26929892 16-03-2012 5.40 10.6507282 18-03-2012 5.38 11.61897621 20-03-2012 4.98 11.02313128 22-03-2012 4.88 11.61897621 24-03-2012 4.75 12.81066608 26-03-2012 4.74 11.32105375 28-03-2012 4.85 11.84241806 30-03-2012 4.83 12.12846182 01-04-2012 4.93 12.12846182 03-04-2012 5.01 10.34962075 05-04-2012 4.94 9.621913043 07-04-2012 4.98 10.6730464 09-04-2012 4.80 12.20931823 11-04-2012 4.89 11.56246693 13-04-2012 4.94 9.883251608 15-04-2012 4.98 9.177305065 17-04-2012 5.02 11.13826769 19-04-2012 5.19 12.23640675 21-04-2012 5.48 11.53046021 23-04-2012 5.22 11.60889871 25-04-2012 5.16 10.82451367 27-04-2012 5.14 9.883251608 29-04-2012 5.02 12.44873829 01-05-2012 5.00 13.42363949 03-05-2012 5.18 12.44873829 05-05-2012 5.15 11.6988143 07-05-2012 5.09 12.82370029 09-05-2012 5.10 14.12994691 11-05-2012 5.03 10.59746018 13-05-2012 5.00 11.37288409 15-05-2012 5.09 11.28672588 17-05-2012 5.13 10.16666911 19-05-2012 5.14 12.57909907 21-05-2012 5.15 11.37288409 23-05-2012 5.16 10.42514375 25-05-2012 5.15 9.174760781 27-05-2012 5.15 12.97121352 29-05-2012 5.16 10.75661609 31-05-2012 5.19 11.54754374 02-06-2012 5.28 12.3384714 04-06-2012 5.28 11.94300757 06-06-2012 5.47 13.36667734 08-06-2012 5.66 11.70572927 10-06-2012 5.62 13.3790336 12-06-2012 5.70 11.01802767 14-06-2012 5.95 11.49022886 16-06-2012 6.60 12.59203163 18-06-2012 6.47 12.35593103 20-06-2012 6.65 11.67262013 22-06-2012 6.80 12.10176058 24-06-2012 6.59 12.01593249 26-06-2012 6.45 12.7025572 28-06-2012 6.67 11.58679204 30-06-2012 6.69 12.18758867 02-07-2012 6.75 13.81832236 04-07-2012 6.55 13.84337907 06-07-2012 6.73 13.32098741 08-07-2012 6.87 13.40805269 10-07-2012 7.24 13.14685686 12-07-2012 7.32 13.14685686 14-07-2012 7.69 12.9727263 16-07-2012 8.29 12.88566102 18-07-2012 9.40 14.00960107 20-07-2012 9.23 12.89625529 22-07-2012 9.00 12.89625529 24-07-2012 8.96 14.93738922 26-07-2012 8.90 16.51462907 28-07-2012 8.93 15.77239855 30-07-2012 9.15 18.73004176 01-08-2012 9.54 14.27532912 03-08-2012 11.12 17.51512013 05-08-2012 11.19 14.680303 07-08-2012 11.04 15.08527688 09-08-2012 12.00 16.09771157 11-08-2012 11.60 15.9964681 13-08-2012 11.87 16.66300633 15-08-2012 12.67 18.62336001 17-08-2012 15.40 15.57392095 19-08-2012 12.00 17.20754902 21-08-2012 10.30 19.7124454 23-08-2012 10.25 17.96990879 25-08-2012 10.25 15.89357527 27-08-2012 12.15 18.07742531 29-08-2012 11.21 20.13995034 31-08-2012 10.84 17.34947529 02-09-2012 10.19 18.56272532 04-09-2012 10.59 15.52960026 06-09-2012 11.17 24.90946413 08-09-2012 11.21 18.74905902 10-09-2012 11.13 19.28474642 12-09-2012 11.38 18.88298087 14-09-2012 11.75 21.69533972 16-09-2012 11.99 20.08827752 18-09-2012 12.09 22.36494897 20-09-2012 12.69 20.92944794 22-09-2012 12.44 24.48887787 24-09-2012 12.30 22.21084272 26-09-2012 12.28 20.35993916 28-09-2012 12.44 23.34986029 30-09-2012 12.47 21.64133393 02-10-2012 12.88 19.36329878 04-10-2012 13.09 20.34741197 06-10-2012 12.90 21.56218283 08-10-2012 12.08 25.20649543 10-10-2012 12.15 22.62510734 12-10-2012 12.15 22.92880006 14-10-2012 12.00 20.9547974 16-10-2012 11.99 23.08064641 18-10-2012 11.96 23.67252096 20-10-2012 11.85 21.07617995 22-10-2012 11.81 25.35250632 24-10-2012 11.82 23.8252469 26-10-2012 11.10 24.58887661 28-10-2012 10.61 25.81068415 30-10-2012 10.85 24.47480664 01-11-2012 11.28 22.17516038 03-11-2012 10.60 23.48924396 05-11-2012 10.90 25.13184843 07-11-2012 11.22 25.78889022 09-11-2012 11.07 23.81776485 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Source: IEA analysis based on ASIC Miner Value, 2019; Bitcoin Wiki, 2019a, 2019b; blockchain.info, 2019a, 2019b. Note: CPU = central processing unit; GPU = graphics processing units; FGPA = field-programmable gate array; ASIC = application-specific integrated circuits; TH/s = terahash per second; MH/s = megahash per second; MH/J = megahash per joule.
The IT infrastructure for bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies has evolved rapidly over the past decade. In the early days of bitcoin (2009), hobbyists used standard central processing units (CPUs) to mine bitcoin. By October 2010, miners started to use more powerful graphics processing units (GPUs) as mining difficulty increased. By June 2011, miners – increasingly large and more industrial operations – used more powerful (but less energy-efficient) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware, and a year later, moved to application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
ASICs are purpose-built chips, in this case, to mine bitcoin. The latest ASICs are both more powerful and more energy efficient – around 50 million times faster (H/s) and a million times more energy efficient (H/J) in mining bitcoin than the CPUs used in 2009.
How much energy is bitcoin using today?
Diverse methodologies, limited data availability, and highly variable conditions across the industry (e.g. mining hardware used; electricity costs; cooling needs) make estimating bitcoin energy use extremely challenging (Koomey, 2019). Therefore, all estimates must be interpreted with caution.
Recent published estimates of bitcoin’s electricity consumption are wide-ranging, on the order of 20‑80 TWh annually, or about 0.1-0.3% of global electricity use (Bendiksen & Gibbons, 2018; Bendiksen & Gibbons, 2019; Bendiksen, Gibbons & Lim, 2018; Bevand, 2018; BNEF, 2018; De Vries, 2018; Digiconomist, 2019; Krause & Tolaymat, 2018; Morgan Stanley, 2018; Rauchs et al., 2018; Stoll et al., 2019; Vranken, 2017).
Bitcoin energy use estimates
Date Digiconomist (2019) Lower bound (Antminer S9) Bendiksen, Gibbons & Lim (2018-19) Bendiksen & Gibbons (2018) Stoll et al. (2019) Rauchs et al. (2018) Krause & Tolaymat (2018) Krause & Tolaymat (2018) Bevand (2018) BNEF (2018) Hileman & Rauchs (2017) De Vries (2018a) - lower bound estimate Deetman (2017) - lower bound estimate Morgan Stanley (2018) - lower bound estimate Vranken (2017) 30/06/2019 69.6 52.681389 23/06/2019 68.1 48.52854 16/06/2019 66.7 46.67022 09/06/2019 65.3 46.442315 02/06/2019 64 46.16363 31/05/2019 41 26/05/2019 62.7 44.936688 19/05/2019 61.4 44.269765 12/05/2019 60.1 40.661568 05/05/2019 58.8 42.127689 28/04/2019 57.6 39.086776 21/04/2019 56.4 39.87914 14/04/2019 55.3 38.786001 07/04/2019 54.1 39.505574 31/03/2019 53 39.053309 24/03/2019 51.9 40.886023 17/03/2019 50.8 38.450994 10/03/2019 49.8 36.204334 03/03/2019 48.7 38.395519 24/02/2019 47.7 37.116736 17/02/2019 46.8 37.145126 10/02/2019 49.1 38.756648 03/02/2019 46.6 36.307371 27/01/2019 47.4 36.416709 20/01/2019 46.8 34.834937 13/01/2019 48 36.147278 06/01/2019 46.6 36.490557 30/12/2018 45.1 35.036118 23/12/2018 43 33.692056 16/12/2018 42.1 31.392996 09/12/2018 45.5 30.565049 02/12/2018 53.2 32.682314 30/11/2018 45.8 26/11/2018 41.2 25/11/2018 54.1 35.771687 18/11/2018 73.1 38.928896 15/11/2018 61.1 11/11/2018 73.1 40.690214 04/11/2018 73.1 45.82148 28/10/2018 73.1 42.919557 21/10/2018 73.1 44.432696 14/10/2018 73.1 43.497934 07/10/2018 73.1 44.142699 30/09/2018 73.1 46.672026 23/09/2018 73.1 44.920614 16/09/2018 73.1 43.013813 09/09/2018 73.1 42.629509 02/09/2018 73.1 44.430491 26/08/2018 73.1 42.355303 19/08/2018 73.1 41.457049 12/08/2018 73.1 40.457769 05/08/2018 73.1 39.475275 29/07/2018 72.8 37.155023 22/07/2018 71.1 34.844824 15/07/2018 71.1 31.78732 08/07/2018 71.1 32.835973 01/07/2018 71.1 31.642403 30/06/2018 30.1 24/06/2018 71.1 34.793665 17/06/2018 71.1 31.906807 10/06/2018 71.1 31.379339 03/06/2018 70.1 29.47184 27/05/2018 69.1 28.872001 21/05/2018 35 20/05/2018 67.9 26.203952 13/05/2018 66.6 25.957695 06/05/2018 65.3 25.556492 01/05/2018 22.3 29/04/2018 63.8 24.02874 22/04/2018 62.2 25.732384 15/04/2018 61 24.005255 08/04/2018 59.9 23.618107 01/04/2018 58.8 22.070453 25/03/2018 57.7 21.176229 18/03/2018 56.4 21.529807 11/03/2018 55.1 21.371184 04/03/2018 53.5 20.303485 25/02/2018 51.8 19.804649 18/02/2018 50.1 19.460224 11/02/2018 48.5 18.239944 04/02/2018 47.3 17.43079 28/01/2018 45.6 17.065678 21/01/2018 43.7 16.047919 14/01/2018 41.4 14.367317 11/01/2018 18.4 10/01/2018 20.5 07/01/2018 38.6 13.273484 03/01/2018 23 31/12/2017 36.7 12.096415 24/12/2017 37.1 11.856088 17/12/2017 35 11.887429 10/12/2017 32.6 11.051157 03/12/2017 31.3 9.7605027 26/11/2017 30.1 9.0043672 19/11/2017 28.9 8.6279681 12/11/2017 27.1 7.5357102 05/11/2017 25.3 8.2905633 29/10/2017 23.6 8.4665556 22/10/2017 22.3 8.6355155 15/10/2017 21 7.536997 08/10/2017 19.9 7.4913084 01/10/2017 18.9 6.9032364 28/09/2017 6.1 24/09/2017 18 6.9167192 17/09/2017 17.2 7.0525942 10/09/2017 16.6 6.6414459 03/09/2017 16.4 5.9745303 27/08/2017 16.3 4.5545873 20/08/2017 16.1 5.7591254 13/08/2017 15.8 5.6088839 06/08/2017 15.5 5.6761483 30/07/2017 14.9 5.5204467 28/07/2017 7.7 23/07/2017 14.6 5.4560968 16/07/2017 14.5 5.1568111 09/07/2017 14.3 4.6111223 02/07/2017 13.7 4.5882648 30/06/2017 8.3 25/06/2017 14 4.3308589 18/06/2017 13.9 4.284168 11/06/2017 14.9 4.4912187 04/06/2017 13.7 4.3158518 28/05/2017 13.5 4.0348169 21/05/2017 13.6 3.6778444 14/05/2017 13.1 3.6650792 11/05/2017 4.1 07/05/2017 12 3.41872 30/04/2017 11.4 3.2881287 23/04/2017 11.1 3.2806234 16/04/2017 11.2 3.1865043 09/04/2017 11 3.2602008 02/04/2017 10.7 3.0332202 26/03/2017 9.7 3.0866107 19/03/2017 10.1 3.0641942 12/03/2017 10.3 2.9418418 05/03/2017 10.4 2.826581 26/02/2017 9.8 2.9246308 4.4 19/02/2017 9.3 2.7666103 12/02/2017 9.6 2.6283402 10/02/2017 2.64 05/02/2017 2.6784156 29/01/2017 2.6025595 22/01/2017 2.5213932 15/01/2017 2.272928 08/01/2017 2.105962 01/01/2017 2.0689522
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Date Price Index Hashrate Index Difficulty Index 30/06/2019 1157.19 2433.598 2497.64 29/06/2019 1191.393 2785.829 2497.64 28/06/2019 1169.212 2609.714 2497.64 27/06/2019 1186.105 2273.493 2476.68 26/06/2019 1271.525 2466.84 2332.285 25/06/2019 1134.051 2182.78 2332.285 24/06/2019 1087.654 2646.247 2332.285 23/06/2019 1077.247 2706.049 2332.285 22/06/2019 1075.481 2108.027 2332.285 21/06/2019 981.3295 1988.423 2332.285 20/06/2019 936.7338 2152.879 2332.285 19/06/2019 916.7817 2646.247 2332.285 18/06/2019 918.0909 2436.939 2332.285 17/06/2019 924.8119 1988.423 2332.285 16/06/2019 911.6983 1943.571 2332.285 15/06/2019 874.1489 2182.78 2332.285 14/06/2019 836.1222 2526.642 2332.941 13/06/2019 818.2238 2272.852 2348.112 12/06/2019 805.1585 1971.812 2348.112 11/06/2019 793.2547 2152.436 2348.112 10/06/2019 783.2918 2363.164 2348.112 09/06/2019 783.5556 2212.644 2348.112 08/06/2019 795.929 1866.448 2348.112 07/06/2019 793.8967 2378.216 2348.112 06/06/2019 777.4607 2363.164 2348.112 05/06/2019 778.3358 2408.32 2348.112 04/06/2019 786.6273 2318.008 2348.112 03/06/2019 856.5617 1791.188 2348.112 02/06/2019 868.3355 1971.812 2348.112 01/06/2019 856.2468 2272.852 2348.112 31/05/2019 836.1752 1761.084 2348.112 30/05/2019 866.1554 2408.32 2123.812 29/05/2019 866.5868 2353.956 2110.443 28/05/2019 874.7759 2218.671 2110.443 27/05/2019 879.9948 2259.256 2110.443 26/05/2019 813.3396 2232.199 2110.443 25/05/2019 806.4415 1893.987 2110.443 24/05/2019 799.0859 2069.858 2110.443 23/05/2019 770.6019 2137.5 2110.443 22/05/2019 791.4478 2259.256 2110.443 21/05/2019 797.2908 2069.858 2110.443 20/05/2019 794.4741 2178.085 2110.443 19/05/2019 791.289 2205.142 2110.443 18/05/2019 735.5218 2069.858 2110.174 17/05/2019 728.2496 2042.05 2109.668 16/05/2019 799.7731 1974.433 2109.668 15/05/2019 808.2244 2015.003 2109.668 14/05/2019 802.3465 2055.574 2109.668 13/05/2019 746.4059 2258.426 2109.668 12/05/2019 716.8758 2136.715 2109.668 11/05/2019 684.8899 1758.056 2109.668 10/05/2019 631.6953 1690.439 2109.668 09/05/2019 607.0198 2028.527 2109.668 08/05/2019 586.4985 2055.574 2109.668 07/05/2019 587.6865 1717.486 2109.668 06/05/2019 566.7219 2042.05 2109.668 05/05/2019 573.124 1744.533 2109.668 04/05/2019 571.0888 1785.104 2063.044 03/05/2019 564.6566 1948.492 1999.768 02/05/2019 537.7199 2358.701 1999.768 01/05/2019 532.2256 2192.053 1999.768 30/04/2019 527.4337 1794.663 1999.768 29/04/2019 528.9892 2089.501 1999.768 28/04/2019 531.8769 2089.501 1999.768 27/04/2019 529.3827 1756.206 1999.768 26/04/2019 529.2632 1935.673 1999.768 25/04/2019 543.3862 1833.121 1999.768 24/04/2019 547.7951 2089.501 1999.768 23/04/2019 554.0379 1487.007 1999.768 22/04/2019 531.7346 1717.749 1999.768 21/04/2019 528.6146 2076.682 2001.244 20/04/2019 531.5023 1689.864 2012.357 19/04/2019 526.7572 1960.758 2012.357 18/04/2019 527.5373 1922.059 2012.357 17/04/2019 522.6439 1780.162 2012.357 16/04/2019 512.1573 1870.46 2012.357 15/04/2019 512.6492 1870.46 2012.357 14/04/2019 508.9358 1573.766 2012.357 13/04/2019 508.785 1741.463 2012.357 12/04/2019 504.2923 1947.858 2012.357 11/04/2019 512.3402 2025.256 2012.357 10/04/2019 526.3138 1909.159 2012.357 09/04/2019 520.9577 1702.763 2012.357 08/04/2019 522.6141 1909.159 2012.357 07/04/2019 513.8499 1818.861 2012.357 06/04/2019 505.3991 1793.061 2008.119 05/04/2019 499.2231 2033.77 2008.026 04/04/2019 498.2159 1802.075 2008.026 03/04/2019 502.9917 1827.818 2008.026 02/04/2019 468.575 2020.898 2008.026 01/04/2019 415.454 1750.587 2008.026 31/03/2019 411.8667 1789.203 2008.026 30/03/2019 411.6686 1789.203 2008.026 29/03/2019 408.4799 1892.178 2008.026 28/03/2019 404.3235 1879.306 2008.026 27/03/2019 402.0493 1917.922 2008.026 26/03/2019 394.2905 1724.843 2008.026 25/03/2019 398.6504 1905.05 2008.026 24/03/2019 400.4414 1930.794 2004.769 23/03/2019 401.5231 1775.626 1910.328 22/03/2019 400.9437 1971.557 1910.328 21/03/2019 403.5798 1751.134 1910.328 20/03/2019 403.4184 1971.557 1910.328 19/03/2019 401.7779 2130.751 1910.328 18/03/2019 400.7595 1971.557 1910.328 17/03/2019 400.3437 1787.871 1910.328 16/03/2019 402.0219 1996.048 1910.328 15/03/2019 392.7001 1873.591 1910.328 14/03/2019 389.2826 1898.083 1910.328 13/03/2019 389.021 1653.169 1910.328 12/03/2019 388.9597 1751.134 1910.328 11/03/2019 390.5584 1738.889 1910.328 10/03/2019 393.154 1665.414 1911.06 09/03/2019 392.8484 1690.729 1911.258 08/03/2019 391.3943 1788.742 1911.258 07/03/2019 389.755 1739.735 1911.258 06/03/2019 387.2124 1568.212 1911.258 05/03/2019 380.1892 1825.497 1911.258 04/03/2019 375.81 1678.477 1911.258 03/03/2019 383.64 1788.742 1911.258 02/03/2019 383.6196 1617.219 1911.258 01/03/2019 385.0881 1984.768 1911.258 28/02/2019 385.2329 1837.748 1911.258 27/02/2019 384.1333 1727.484 1911.258 26/02/2019 384.2033 1972.517 1911.258 25/02/2019 383.8282 1751.987 1911.258 24/02/2019 402.9273 1678.477 1908.814 23/02/2019 402.7186 1749.007 1908.008 22/02/2019 397.7687 1981.393 1908.008 21/02/2019 395.7395 1455.467 1908.008 20/02/2019 396.0556 1590.006 1908.008 19/02/2019 394.2092 1908.008 1908.008 18/02/2019 381.9452 1895.777 1908.008 17/02/2019 363.9816 1944.7 1908.008 16/02/2019 363.8657 1834.623 1908.008 15/02/2019 361.8964 1553.314 1908.008 14/02/2019 361.8083 1724.545 1908.008 13/02/2019 363.1315 1871.315 1908.008 12/02/2019 363.2402 1565.545 1908.008 11/02/2019 364.304 1773.469 1908.008 10/02/2019 365.3571 1712.315 1855.28 09/02/2019 366.0522 1759.907 1830.304 08/02/2019 350.6829 1912.433 1830.304 07/02/2019 341.1709 2041.492 1830.304 06/02/2019 341.4572 1924.165 1830.304 05/02/2019 346.6573 1724.709 1830.304 04/02/2019 346.0183 1724.709 1830.304 03/02/2019 347.6196 1619.115 1830.304 02/02/2019 347.7975 1689.511 1830.304 01/02/2019 346.2054 1853.769 1830.304 31/01/2019 346.1868 1818.571 1830.304 30/01/2019 346.0078 1595.649 1830.304 29/01/2019 342.4943 1712.976 1830.304 28/01/2019 346.5935 1701.244 1837.226 27/01/2019 357.5881 1626.546 1852.126 26/01/2019 359.7427 1780.89 1852.126 25/01/2019 358.0864 1638.419 1852.126 24/01/2019 357.5416 1923.361 1852.126 23/01/2019 358.8042 1733.4 1852.126 22/01/2019 356.7022 1543.438 1852.126 21/01/2019 355.6501 1780.89 1852.126 20/01/2019 362.8364 1863.998 1852.126 19/01/2019 369.892 1579.056 1852.126 18/01/2019 364.066 1638.419 1852.126 17/01/2019 362.8201 1507.82 1852.126 16/01/2019 362.951 1579.056 1852.126 15/01/2019 366.5105 1567.183 1852.126 14/01/2019 361.2318 1769.017 1845.398 13/01/2019 360.8032 1553.182 1768.587 12/01/2019 365.4642 1564.519 1768.587 11/01/2019 366.5056 1677.89 1768.587 10/01/2019 382.1261 1768.587 1768.587 09/01/2019 404.3317 1859.284 1768.587 08/01/2019 404.5038 1915.969 1768.587 07/01/2019 404.5277 1598.531 1768.587 06/01/2019 392.9377 1598.531 1768.587 05/01/2019 387.7289 1847.947 1768.587 04/01/2019 383.1324 1689.227 1768.587 03/01/2019 387.4593 1757.25 1768.587 02/01/2019 387.5937 1711.902 1768.587 01/01/2019 376.0809 1689.227 1768.587 31/12/2018 380.0173 1757.25 1652.094 30/12/2018 384.1643 1813.441 1607.368 29/12/2018 392.1187 1421.903 1607.368 28/12/2018 375.2423 1720.708 1607.368 27/12/2018 375.6367 1792.834 1607.368 26/12/2018 383.4083 1617.672 1607.368 25/12/2018 382.2558 1638.279 1607.368 24/12/2018 418.8098 1566.154 1607.368 23/12/2018 403.6642 1813.441 1607.368 22/12/2018 391.9872 1803.138 1607.368 21/12/2018 402.4746 1442.51 1607.368 20/12/2018 399.1913 1390.992 1607.368 19/12/2018 381.6707 1535.243 1607.368 18/12/2018 357.5587 1318.866 1769.373 17/12/2018 340.0124 1822.913 1777.34 16/12/2018 327.8681 1310.219 1777.34 15/12/2018 323.2638 1697.588 1777.34 14/12/2018 328.5833 1663.408 1777.34 13/12/2018 341.4514 1492.51 1777.34 12/12/2018 346.9917 1367.185 1777.34 11/12/2018 343.3986 1424.151 1777.34 10/12/2018 353.1978 1412.758 1777.34 09/12/2018 353.6832 1458.33 1777.34 08/12/2018 344.3156 1446.937 1777.34 07/12/2018 341.3392 1298.826 1777.34 06/12/2018 375.146 1538.083 1777.34 05/12/2018 386.7128 1481.117 1777.34 04/12/2018 397.0507 1572.263 1777.34 03/12/2018 397.6551 1298.826 1949.714 02/12/2018 417.7029 1530.44 2094.286 01/12/2018 412.6144 1664.689 2094.286 30/11/2018 411.6216 1355.916 2094.286 29/11/2018 427.3485 1409.615 2094.286 28/11/2018 411.279 1584.139 2094.286 27/11/2018 376.0204 1758.663 2094.286 26/11/2018 392.9457 1490.165 2094.286 25/11/2018 383.2211 1704.963 2094.286 24/11/2018 430.3611 1919.762 2094.286 23/11/2018 431.9142 1678.114 2094.286 22/11/2018 455.9147 1637.839 2094.286 21/11/2018 454.3996 1409.615 2094.286 20/11/2018 468.26 1772.088 2094.286 19/11/2018 531.6011 1691.539 2094.286 18/11/2018 561.88 1651.264 2094.286 17/11/2018 557.089 1946.612 2094.286 16/11/2018 560.8925 1691.539 2258.809 15/11/2018 562.7956 1841.063 2261.463 14/11/2018 619.0208 1957.035 2261.463 13/11/2018 638.6562 1739.587 2261.463 12/11/2018 641.6503 2029.518 2261.463 11/11/2018 639.2781 2116.497 2261.463 10/11/2018 641.3593 1899.049 2261.463 09/11/2018 642.5868 1841.063 2261.463 08/11/2018 650.101 1754.083 2261.463 07/11/2018 655.3668 1884.552 2261.463 06/11/2018 646.0019 1855.559 2261.463 05/11/2018 645.1611 2087.504 2261.463 04/11/2018 640.6417 1783.076 2261.463 03/11/2018 637.8275 2333.946 2261.463 02/11/2018 640.2208 2073.008 2261.463 01/11/2018 635.6711 2232.47 2261.025 31/10/2018 632.4642 2362.428 2260.974 30/10/2018 632.3809 2231.987 2260.974 29/10/2018 639.7191 2116.04 2260.974 28/10/2018 646.2893 2029.079 2260.974 27/10/2018 648.0629 1971.106 2260.974 26/10/2018 648.8483 2072.56 2260.974 25/10/2018 649.2822 1985.599 2260.974 24/10/2018 652.3118 1637.757 2260.974 23/10/2018 649.6173 2231.987 2260.974 22/10/2018 651.3272 2246.481 2260.974 21/10/2018 654.6463 2000.092 2260.974 20/10/2018 650.359 2072.56 2260.974 19/10/2018 650.2205 2058.066 2260.974 18/10/2018 658.2985 2000.092 2337.94 17/10/2018 661.1285 2075.864 2346.629 16/10/2018 661.1628 2030.737 2346.629 15/10/2018 646.7253 2436.884 2346.629 14/10/2018 631.3732 1714.844 2346.629 13/10/2018 627.4891 2120.992 2346.629 12/10/2018 627.4775 1985.609 2346.629 11/10/2018 626.2853 2391.757 2346.629 10/10/2018 657.7942 2166.119 2346.629 09/10/2018 663.6778 1955.524 2346.629 08/10/2018 663.3627 2030.737 2346.629 07/10/2018 657.346 2136.034 2346.629 06/10/2018 659.6461 1880.312 2346.629 05/10/2018 658.3495 1955.524 2346.629 04/10/2018 657.8562 2256.374 2318.079 03/10/2018 648.5125 2092.705 2251.462 02/10/2018 657.7574 1977.245 2251.462 01/10/2018 660.5965 2280.327 2251.462 30/09/2018 660.8136 2352.489 2251.462 29/09/2018 656.5378 2193.732 2251.462 28/09/2018 669.2535 2222.597 2251.462 27/09/2018 655.0347 2063.84 2251.462 26/09/2018 648.335 2006.11 2251.462 25/09/2018 642.7049 2439.084 2251.462 24/09/2018 665.4411 2136.002 2251.462 23/09/2018 672.5713 2164.867 2251.462 22/09/2018 672.4578 2237.029 2251.462 21/09/2018 668.5167 2078.273 2251.462 20/09/2018 643.3167 2222.597 2213.279 19/09/2018 635.0243 2209.46 2209.46 18/09/2018 631.0958 2011.175 2209.46 17/09/2018 641.5164 1912.033 2209.46 16/09/2018 649.539 1968.686 2209.46 15/09/2018 653.3487 1982.849 2209.46 14/09/2018 651.385 1869.543 2209.46 13/09/2018 646.4855 2096.155 2209.46 12/09/2018 628.7411 2379.419 2209.46 11/09/2018 631.0647 1997.012 2209.46 10/09/2018 631.2207 1912.033 2209.46 09/09/2018 630.0729 2308.603 2209.46 08/09/2018 638.0592 2124.481 2209.46 07/09/2018 645.9468 2152.808 2194.344 06/09/2018 644.7909 2036.11 2117.555 05/09/2018 712.9254 1791.777 2117.555 04/09/2018 734.3523 1710.333 2117.555 03/09/2018 727.747 1954.666 2117.555 02/09/2018 726.4427 1954.666 2117.555 01/09/2018 711.7103 2049.684 2117.555 31/08/2018 699.7832 2103.981 2117.555 30/08/2018 694.8436 2090.407 2117.555 29/08/2018 707.0327 1886.795 2117.555 28/08/2018 701.5967 2076.832 2117.555 27/08/2018 673.4554 2511.203 2117.555 26/08/2018 668.8458 2348.314 2117.555 25/08/2018 673.4718 1832.499 2117.555 24/08/2018 655.8534 1981.814 2047.616 23/08/2018 644.9523 1920.944 2011.19 22/08/2018 659.019 2062.759 2011.19 21/08/2018 641.5811 1908.052 2011.19 20/08/2018 644.92 1933.836 2011.19 19/08/2018 641.8634 1869.375 2011.19 18/08/2018 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466.5249 327.6867 290.4496 06/09/2017 465.2384 301.6207 284.3401 05/09/2017 449.8933 353.0509 279.5733 04/09/2017 435.3982 313.6239 279.5733 03/09/2017 465.8736 275.989 279.5733 02/09/2017 459.0809 293.9104 279.5733 01/09/2017 492.2916 311.8317 279.5733 31/08/2017 475.9059 292.1182 279.5733 30/08/2017 460.5443 301.0789 279.5733 29/08/2017 461.847 267.0283 279.5733 28/08/2017 440.1666 231.1856 279.5733 27/08/2017 436.4216 277.7811 279.5733 26/08/2017 437.0435 188.1743 279.5733 25/08/2017 437.2982 181.0058 279.5733 24/08/2017 435.0192 181.0058 280.666 23/08/2017 418.4449 296.1983 290.6096 22/08/2017 409.1469 165.7965 290.6096 21/08/2017 405.2923 214.2315 290.6096 20/08/2017 416.7419 242.1747 290.6096 19/08/2017 423.227 281.2952 290.6096 18/08/2017 413.9838 277.5694 290.6096 17/08/2017 433.8575 333.4559 290.6096 16/08/2017 437.0799 242.1747 290.6096 15/08/2017 422.6623 283.1581 290.6096 14/08/2017 429.2737 242.1747 290.6096 13/08/2017 413.4935 275.7066 290.6096 12/08/2017 386.1569 251.4891 290.6096 11/08/2017 364.0772 268.255 290.6096 10/08/2017 343.2196 249.6262 290.6096 09/08/2017 336.4965 257.0777 279.5427 08/08/2017 346.5241 284.6613 270.7754 07/08/2017 341.4979 265.5682 270.7754 06/08/2017 325.9963 243.0035 270.7754 05/08/2017 322.5437 307.2259 270.7754 04/08/2017 288.039 310.6974 270.7754 03/08/2017 280.0475 239.5321 270.7754 02/08/2017 269.9763 263.8324 270.7754 01/08/2017 271.658 258.6252 270.7754 31/07/2017 287.2954 251.6822 270.7754 30/07/2017 275.2203 255.1537 270.7754 29/07/2017 272.8707 272.5111 270.7754 28/07/2017 278.7966 260.3609 270.7754 27/07/2017 265.3649 267.3039 263.2617 26/07/2017 250.0705 238.6333 253.2435 25/07/2017 256.6825 240.2566 253.2435 24/07/2017 275.8082 288.9573 253.2435 23/07/2017 273.1751 279.2172 253.2435 22/07/2017 281.3998 259.7369 253.2435 21/07/2017 268.8298 249.9968 253.2435 20/07/2017 290.4783 262.9836 253.2435 19/07/2017 226.9919 241.88 253.2435 18/07/2017 232.5401 267.8537 253.2435 17/07/2017 218.1576 240.2566 253.2435 16/07/2017 193.5608 264.607 253.2435 15/07/2017 206.368 206.1662 253.2435 14/07/2017 219.5933 225.6464 239.7837 13/07/2017 236.0141 224.4974 223.0675 12/07/2017 239.1177 253.0958 223.0675 11/07/2017 237.5254 247.3761 223.0675 10/07/2017 237.1554 281.6942 223.0675 09/07/2017 254.201 197.3289 223.0675 08/07/2017 256.796 235.9367 223.0675 07/07/2017 249.6869 211.6281 223.0675 06/07/2017 261.5906 203.0486 223.0675 05/07/2017 262.5147 213.058 223.0675 04/07/2017 260.5645 218.7777 223.0675 03/07/2017 256.7053 243.0863 223.0675 02/07/2017 250.6882 268.8249 223.0827 01/07/2017 243.9616 235.5121 224.0237 30/06/2017 248.3279 221.1516 224.0237 29/06/2017 255.0204 172.3259 224.0237 28/06/2017 259.1232 225.4597 224.0237 27/06/2017 252.3632 188.1224 224.0237 26/06/2017 244.1995 203.919 224.0237 25/06/2017 251.8083 175.198 224.0237 24/06/2017 259.5056 209.6632 224.0237 23/06/2017 271.6579 229.7679 224.0237 22/06/2017 273.3493 199.6108 224.0237 21/06/2017 267.7121 201.0469 224.0237 20/06/2017 276.1247 198.1748 224.0237 19/06/2017 262.3165 216.8434 224.0237 18/06/2017 251.3094 208.2271 224.0237 17/06/2017 267.1993 208.2271 213.9419 16/06/2017 247.0568 202.6992 213.6559 15/06/2017 244.8038 209.5472 213.6559 14/06/2017 245.2609 191.7425 213.6559 13/06/2017 275.4438 193.1121 213.6559 12/06/2017 266.3722 201.3296 213.6559 11/06/2017 296.8569 199.96 213.6559 10/06/2017 285.1847 193.1121 213.6559 09/06/2017 283.3925 206.808 213.6559 08/06/2017 279.9354 225.9822 213.6559 07/06/2017 267.0984 225.9822 213.6559 06/06/2017 288.9874 206.808 213.6559 05/06/2017 270.4453 224.6126 213.6559 04/06/2017 252.1898 220.5039 197.784 03/06/2017 253.1512 230.8685 187.5806 02/06/2017 245.1708 175.5562 187.5806 01/06/2017 240.4702 204.4148 187.5806 31/05/2017 229.1135 197.2002 187.5806 30/05/2017 224.43 215.2368 187.5806 29/05/2017 228.1109 181.5684 187.5806 28/05/2017 219.797 198.4026 187.5806 27/05/2017 201.8636 202.0099 187.5806 26/05/2017 221.701 183.9733 187.5806 25/05/2017 239.2638 195.9977 187.5806 24/05/2017 238.4607 185.1758 187.5806 23/05/2017 229.2915 202.0099 183.8758 22/05/2017 209.5419 164.9652 176.2642 21/05/2017 205.1191 166.0951 176.2642 20/05/2017 205.7581 186.4333 176.2642 19/05/2017 196.5984 185.3034 176.2642 18/05/2017 190.3404 160.4456 176.2642 17/05/2017 181.1598 175.1343 176.2642 16/05/2017 174.2989 149.1466 176.2642 15/05/2017 172.7048 192.0828 176.2642 14/05/2017 178.0358 185.3034 176.2642 13/05/2017 177.5952 178.524 176.2642 12/05/2017 172.4393 174.0044 176.2642 11/05/2017 182.5134 152.5363 176.2642 10/05/2017 176.6897 167.225 174.7288 09/05/2017 172.5201 163.2507 164.3039 08/05/2017 164.4352 189.5815 164.3039 07/05/2017 153.9363 175.8895 164.3039 06/05/2017 156.3961 176.9427 164.3039 05/05/2017 153.6824 135.8667 164.3039 04/05/2017 151.1724 176.9427 164.3039 03/05/2017 151.1007 139.0264 164.3039 02/05/2017 145.538 166.4104 164.3039 01/05/2017 142.0397 157.9845 164.3039 30/04/2017 135.6083 159.0378 164.3039 29/04/2017 133.8017 182.2088 164.3039 28/04/2017 133.4324 143.2393 164.3039 27/04/2017 134.8415 154.8249 164.2615 26/04/2017 131.2088 160.7843 163.937 25/04/2017 128.2326 155.5299 163.937 24/04/2017 126.5776 130.3089 163.937 23/04/2017 126.085 160.7843 163.937 22/04/2017 126.4181 152.3773 163.937 21/04/2017 126.1225 175.4966 163.937 20/04/2017 124.4512 146.072 163.937 19/04/2017 122.0701 150.2756 163.937 18/04/2017 121.8954 153.4282 163.937 17/04/2017 120.8378 145.0212 163.937 16/04/2017 118.9628 153.4282 163.937 15/04/2017 118.7577 158.6826 163.937 14/04/2017 118.7957 146.072 163.937 13/04/2017 118.2709 133.4615 162.9924 12/04/2017 122.1695 143.1581 157.2723 11/04/2017 122.9408 168.362 157.2723 10/04/2017 121.0493 149.2071 157.2723 09/04/2017 121.1551 160.2968 157.2723 08/04/2017 118.3837 138.1174 157.2723 07/04/2017 119.3163 163.3213 157.2723 06/04/2017 119.903 148.1989 157.2723 05/04/2017 113.5657 163.3213 157.2723 04/04/2017 114.4198 126.0195 157.2723 03/04/2017 114.4411 177.4354 157.2723 02/04/2017 110.167 159.2886 157.2723 01/04/2017 108.9403 133.0766 157.2723 31/03/2017 108.2006 136.101 157.2723 30/03/2017 104.0266 165.3376 151.9902 29/03/2017 104.2943 132.4619 149.7396 28/03/2017 104.8508 148.7797 149.7396 27/03/2017 103.9589 126.7027 149.7396 26/03/2017 95.89633 159.3382 149.7396 25/03/2017 96.15229 127.6626 149.7396 24/03/2017 94.40629 168.9369 149.7396 23/03/2017 104.1153 142.0606 149.7396 22/03/2017 103.1068 154.5389 149.7396 21/03/2017 112.1175 136.3014 149.7396 20/03/2017 105.1471 130.5422 149.7396 19/03/2017 103.2144 159.3382 149.7396 18/03/2017 95.4399 150.6994 149.7396 17/03/2017 109.3655 147.8198 147.9078 16/03/2017 118.3633 142.2489 145.0381 15/03/2017 126.0261 132.0219 145.0381 14/03/2017 124.8204 145.0381 145.0381 13/03/2017 124.2637 134.8111 145.0381 12/03/2017 123.0288 144.1084 145.0381 11/03/2017 118.1843 138.53 145.0381 10/03/2017 110.1117 145.0381 145.0381 09/03/2017 119.5182 137.6003 145.0381 08/03/2017 116.0027 132.0219 145.0381 07/03/2017 124.1265 142.2489 145.0381 06/03/2017 127.8099 132.0219 145.0381 05/03/2017 127.3825 136.6706 145.0381 04/03/2017 126.991 124.584 145.0381 03/03/2017 128.8064 140.3895 140.2461 02/03/2017 126.2276 139.6354 138.746 01/03/2017 122.5281 128.0732 138.746 28/02/2017 119.0267 136.0778 138.746 27/02/2017 119.3461 128.0732 138.746 26/02/2017 117.7723 158.3127 138.746 25/02/2017 115.3224 148.5294 138.746 24/02/2017 117.7539 147.64 138.746 23/02/2017 117.4684 133.4096 138.746 22/02/2017 112.5779 123.6262 138.746 21/02/2017 112.6345 122.7368 138.746 20/02/2017 108.7223 131.6308 138.746 19/02/2017 105.5175 119.1792 138.746 18/02/2017 105.9041 135.1884 136.2796 17/02/2017 105.7939 128.629 132.8883 16/02/2017 103.7564 129.4809 132.8883 15/02/2017 101.4629 118.4068 132.8883 14/02/2017 101.4082 143.9623 132.8883 13/02/2017 100.2152 138.8512 132.8883 12/02/2017 100.2881 120.1105 132.8883 11/02/2017 101.1142 118.4068 132.8883 10/02/2017 100.1377 126.0735 132.8883 09/02/2017 97.83239 143.9623 132.8883 08/02/2017 105.4771 124.3698 132.8883 07/02/2017 105.2499 128.629 132.8883 06/02/2017 102.6344 106.481 132.8883 05/02/2017 101.7147 135.4438 132.8883 04/02/2017 103.3345 123.5179 123.8848 03/02/2017 101.5332 118.1442 123.6946 02/02/2017 100.9906 124.4875 123.6946 01/02/2017 98.1933 152.2395 123.6946 31/01/2017 96.69011 114.9725 123.6946 30/01/2017 92.32753 115.7654 123.6946 29/01/2017 91.8017 132.4166 123.6946 28/01/2017 92.24062 120.5229 123.6946 27/01/2017 92.13714 134.7954 123.6946 26/01/2017 91.80403 124.4875 123.6946 25/01/2017 89.50776 118.9371 123.6946 24/01/2017 89.2346 118.1442 123.6946 23/01/2017 92.41716 110.215 123.6946 22/01/2017 92.06937 137.967 106.8587 21/01/2017 92.25422 123.042 106.0473 20/01/2017 89.56543 128.4804 106.0473 19/01/2017 89.78371 118.2835 106.0473 18/01/2017 87.69858 102.6483 106.0473 17/01/2017 90.59023 107.4069 106.0473 16/01/2017 83.23948 114.8846 106.0473 15/01/2017 82.40784 113.525 106.0473 14/01/2017 81.97739 116.9239 106.0473 13/01/2017 82.81757 102.6483 106.0473 12/01/2017 80.52003 117.6037 106.0473 11/01/2017 78.70103 104.0079 106.0473 10/01/2017 90.81185 108.7664 100.5669 09/01/2017 89.62148 87.17949 100 08/01/2017 91.02153 107.0513 100 07/01/2017 89.88709 89.10256 100 06/01/2017 88.51085 103.2051 100 05/01/2017 99.6938 89.74359 100 04/01/2017 112.9327 98.71795 100 03/01/2017 102.547 105.1282 100 02/01/2017 101.8289 102.5641 100 01/01/2017 100 100 100
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Notes: Published estimates are plotted on the date of submission or publication, whichever is earlier.
These figures can appear large when compared to countries like Ireland (26 TWh) or emerging technologies like electric vehicles (58 TWh in 2018), but small when compared to other end-uses like cooling (2 020 TWh in 2016). Nonetheless, bitcoin mining is a highly mobile industry, allowing it to migrate quickly to areas with cheap electricity. Localised hotspots and electricity supply issues can emerge quickly, generating strong backlash from regulators and the public.
Bitcoin has also been compared on a per-transaction basis to VISA payments, the broader banking system, and gold mining. However, comparisons on a per-transaction basis are not meaningful in the context of PoW blockchains, particularly because the energy required for the networks to function is independent of the number of processed transactions. A recent peer-reviewed article compared the energy intensity of mining bitcoin (17 MJ/USD) to the mining of other metals like aluminium (122 MJ/USD) and gold (5 MJ/USD).
Comparing methodologies
By far, the most frequently cited estimate in news media is the Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index (BECI), which uses a top-down approach that assumes miners spend (on average) 60% of their revenues on electricity at a rate of 0.05 USD/kWh. These key assumptions have been criticised to overestimate electricity consumption; indeed, BECI estimates represent the high range of published estimates to date.
Bendiksen, Gibbons (2018; 2019) & Lim (2018) also use a top-down approach, but undertake significant data collection efforts on existing mining hardware and mining locations to inform their assumptions and analysis. They also conduct sensitivity analyses around key uncertainties, including electricity costs and capital depreciation schedules. Under their central assumptions, they estimate that the bitcoin network consumes between 35 TWh (May 2018) and 41 TWh (November 2018; June 2019) per year.
Other researchers have calculated lower-bound estimates using a bottom-up approach (e.g. Deetman, 2016; Morgan Stanley, 2018; Valfells & Egilsson, 2016). This approach assumes that all miners are using the most efficient mining hardware to achieve the network’s hashrates (TH/s). The Bitmain Antminer S9 series (0.1 J/GH), used by two-thirds of miners worldwide, is typically used as a benchmark.
Using this approach, we can estimate that thebitcoin network (excluding cooling) consumed 31 TWh in 2018. Based on data collected from mining facilities in China, cooling and other ancillary demands accounts for 30% of electricity use overall, thereby adding another 42% to the lower-bound estimate. Therefore, we estimate that bitcoin mining consumed around 45 TWh in 2018, which aligns well with the latest peer-reviewed estimate of 45.8 TWh as of November 2018 (Stoll et al., 2019).
With the recent run up in price and hashrate, energy consumption is expected to be much higher in 2019. Through the first six months of 2019, bitcoin mining has already consumed an estimated 29 TWh.
While these early estimates provide a rough indication of bitcoin energy use today, it is clear that researchers need more data, in particular from mining facilities, to develop more rigorous methodologies and accurate estimates.
Bitcoin and climate change
Headlines concerning the environmental impacts of bitcoin re-emerged last October, when a commentary article from Mora et al. in Nature Climate Change concluded that “…projected Bitcoin usage, should it follow the rate of adoption of other broadly adopted technologies, could alone produce enough CO2 emissions to push warming above 2°C within less than three decades”.
A closer look reveals serious issues in the study’s methodology and assumptions, notably around bitcoin adoption rates, the efficiency of mining hardware, and the assumed electricity mix (Masanet et al., 2019, Nature Climate Change, In Press). Crucially, the use of country average (and in some cases, world average) emissions factors inflates the GHG estimates, since bitcoin mines are typically concentrated in renewables-rich states and provinces.
Indeed, the selection of mining locations depend on a balance of several key factors, including access to low-cost electricity, fast internet connections, cool climates, and favourable regulatory environments. For these reasons, China, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Georgia, the Pacific North West (Washington State, British Columbia, Oregon), Quebec, and upstate New York are key bitcoin mining centres.
Around 60% to 70% of bitcoin is currently mined in China, where more than two-thirds of electricity generation comes from coal. But bitcoin mining facilities are concentrated in remote areas of China with rich hydro or wind resources (cheap electricity), with about 80% of Chinese bitcoin mining occurring in hydro-rich Sichuan province. These mining facilities may be absorbing overcapacity in some of these regions, using renewable energy that would otherwise be unused, given difficulties in matching these rich wind and hydro resources with demand centres on the coast.
Electricity generation in other key bitcoin mining centres are also dominated by renewables, including Iceland (100%), Quebec (99.8%), British Columbia (98.4%), Norway (98%), and Georgia (81%). Globally, one analysis estimates that the bitcoin is powered by at least 74% renewable electricity as of June 2019. Another analysis of data from 93 mining facilities (representing 1.7 GW, or about a third of global mining capacity) estimates that 76% of the identified energy mix includes renewables.
Based on these analyses and data from IPO filings of hardware manufacturers and insights on mining facility operations and pool compositions, bitcoin mining is likely responsible for 10‑20 Mt CO2 per year, or 0.03-0.06% of global energy-related CO2 emissions.
Outlook for bitcoin energy use and emissions
Apocalyptic headlines that bitcoin would consume all of the world’s energy by 2020 echo back to warnings from the late 1990s about the internet and its growing appetite for energy, including one Forbes article in 1999 that predicted that “[…]half of the electric grid will be powering the digital-Internet economy within the next decade”.
Since then, researchers have collected real-world data and developed and refined methodologies to establish rigorous estimates of the energy use of data centres and the global ICT sector, including by the IEA. The dire predictions about the energy use of the internet failed to materialise despite exponential growth in internet services, largely because of rapid improvements in the energy efficiency of computing and data transmission networks.
The outlook for bitcoin energy use is highly uncertain, hinging on efficiency improvements in hardware, bitcoin price trends, and regulatory restrictions on bitcoin mining or use in key markets. Bitcoin prices in particular are extremely volatile: between December 2017 and 2018, its value fell by 80%, but has nearly tripled since.
It is important to recognise that bitcoin is just one cryptocurrency, which is one application of blockchain, which is itself one example of distributed ledger technology (DLT). Ethereum (ETH), the second largest cryptocurrency by market value, processes more than twice as many transactions as the bitcoin network while using only about one-third of the electricity consumed by bitcoin. ETH also operates on a Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism, but its founder has announced plans to move to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) in an effort to reduce its energy intensity. PoS and Proof‑of‑Authority (PoA) could help reduce energy use while also addressing scalability and latency issues. Other DLTs like Tangle and Hashgraph similarly offer the promise of lower energy use, scalability, faster transactions, and no transaction fees compared to blockchain.
Over the coming years, other applications of blockchain – including those within the energy sector – are likely to garner more attention. As the scope and scale of blockchain applications increases, these trends combined are likely to materially reduce the future energy footprint of its technology.
Sensational predictions about bitcoin consuming the entire world’s electricity – and, by itself, leading our world to beyond 2°C – would appear just that…sensational. That said, this is a very dynamic area that certainly requires careful monitoring and rigorous analysis – particularly, a careful monitoring of local hotspots.
The energy use of bitcoin and blockchain is just part of the blockchain and energy story. In our next commentary, we’ll look at how blockchain is already impacting the energy sector, dive into some of the most promising applications, and explore the technological, regulatory or market design challenges that await.
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